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The constellations of child fostering in Kenya: Considering location and distance (by Cassandra Cotton, Clement Oduor) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Cassandra Cotton, Clement Oduor
Background: While studies provide context on why mothers foster-out children, there is little discussion about where children reside, transitions in children’s living arrangements over time, distance between fostered children and their mothers, and how such distance might influence mothers’ relationships with children. Objective: We aimed to: (1) examine the geographical location of fostered children
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Book Review: Time and Power in Azraq Refugee Camp International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Emrah Atar
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Bolstering Autocracy, Hindering Democracy: Local Stakeholders’ Perspectives on the Effects of EU Migration Policy Externalization in Morocco International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Luisa Faustini Torres
This article explores how the European Union's (EU) externalization of migration policies affects democratization in Morocco, drawing on the perspectives of local stakeholders, including government officials, civil society actors, and frontline bureaucrats. While the EU frames its partnership with Morocco as grounded in shared and normative values, the findings show that migration (control) priorities
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Studying multiple causes of death through verbal autopsies: Contribution of an index of similarity (by Ariane Sessego, Géraldine Duthé, Bruno Lankoandé, Dianou Kassoum) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Ariane Sessego, Géraldine Duthé, Bruno Lankoandé, Dianou Kassoum
Background: The analysis of multiple causes of death was developed in high-income countries to study complex morbid processes leading to death. In other countries, such studies are severely limited by the lack of death certificates. Some cause-of-death statistics are produced at the local level through verbal autopsies (VAs): the collecting of information on medical history and symptoms reported by
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The Green Card Drag: How Highly Skilled Asian Indian Immigrants Experience the US Immigration System International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Brenda Gambol, Varaidzo Zvobgo, Meghna Sabharwal
Foreign-born Asian Indians in the United States are among the most highly educated and highly paid. A major facilitator of this population's migration has been the H-1B, a temporary work visa that has brought in foreign scientists and engineers since 1990. Immigration scholarship would regard H-1Bs’ high socioeconomic status as a factor that smooths their integration. Yet an aspect usually not associated
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Barriers to Homeownership Among Young People in Australia: Unpacking Competing Hypotheses Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Rachel Ong ViforJ, Jack Hewton, Christopher Phelps
The homeownership prospects of young people are declining globally. There have been widespread public concerns regarding barriers posed by unaffordable housing markets and tighter borrowing constraints, but equally a recognition that parental assistance can overcome these constraints. At the same time, public commentary often suggests that young people exhibit behaviours that are not conducive to saving
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Temporariness in the Life Course of Multi‐local Residents: Processuality of Home Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Maya Willecke
In late modern societies characterized by increasing mobility and individualization, temporary living and working arrangements are no longer a rare phenomenon. In many life biographies, temporary and multi‐local periods, with more than one place of residence, have become common. This paper adopts a life course perspective to explore how temporary experiences influence individuals’ perceptions of their
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Beyond the Country of Origin and the Receiving Society: Differentiated Place Attachments and Homes Among Dominican Immigrants in the Netherlands Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Sabrina Dinmohamed
This study moves beyond traditional questions regarding immigrants' integration into various domains of their receiving societies to explore the meanings of places and the associated feelings of home. By examining how specific geographical locations relate to these feelings, the study illuminates post‐migration experiences and realities that are often overlooked in studies of immigrants. Specifically
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The Educational Differentiation of African Birth Timing Studies in Family Planning (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Margaret Frye, Sara Lopus
As educational access has expanded across Africa, birth timing has remained quite stable. Using data representing 51 birth years and 34 countries, we show that these modest aggregate changes mask more dramatic changes within educational groups. Over time, educational attainment has become an increasingly salient predictor of birth timing, as highly educated women have delayed first births and lengthened
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Refugee return, reintegration, and citizenship practices in post‐conflict Syria International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Osman Bahad?r Din?er, Zeynep ?ahin‐Mencütek
The return of Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons is occurring despite the absence of economic, political, social, and security infrastructures necessary for a voluntary, safe, and dignified return. Drawing from desk research and interviews conducted with 87 returnees in 2024, this paper explores the interactions between return processes and the Syrian government's citizenship policies
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Gendering the dilemmas of retirement and return among older British Bangladeshis International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Md Farid Miah, Sheikh Md Rasel, Russell King
The Bangladeshi‐origin community is one of the largest, longest‐established and fastest‐growing migrant groups in the UK. For the first‐generation immigrants, retirement brings a threefold dilemma: stay put for the rest of their lives, surrounded by children and grandchildren; return to Bangladesh to enjoy a peaceful later‐life there; or adopt a to‐and‐fro transnational lifestyle. Interviews were conducted
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From South Asia to the United Arab Emirates with hope: The subjective well‐being of blue‐collar migrant workers revisited International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Guang Yang, Masood Abdulla Badri, Saad Ibrahim Yaaqeib, Asma Salem AlRashdi, Mouza Awadh AlMheiri
This study examines the relationships between a comprehensive set of variables and subjective well‐being among a representative sample of 2554 male blue‐collar migrant workers in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The results of multilevel modelling show that mental health, sense of safety and security, job satisfaction, housing and living environment, and institutional trust are among the key predictors
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A New Research Agenda for Social Inequalities in Mortality: Challenges and Open Questions Population and Development Review (IF 4.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-29 Isaac Sasson
Research on mortality inequalities has proliferated in demography in recent decades, documenting disparities between nations and within them across multiple social dimensions. Yet, this literature remains largely descriptive and atheoretical. In this paper, I identify three open questions in need of theoretical development. First, I identify a general shift from gender (and race) based mortality inequalities
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Book Review: “Migration, Mobility and the Creative Class.” International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-29 Inka Stock
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The role of sender credibility in migration information campaigns International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-29 Sandra Morgenstern
The actors who carry out migration information campaigns—and thus serve as ‘information senders’—vary greatly. Existing studies on the effectiveness of such campaigns typically focus on one case of an information campaign. It is difficult to compare these case studies because, in addition to the different implementing actors, they differ substantially in terms of the content conveyed and the ways they
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The changing inter-relationship between partnership dynamics and fertility trends in Europe and the United States: A review (by Bernice Kuang, Ann Berrington, Sindhu Vasireddy, Hill Kulu) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-28 Bernice Kuang, Ann Berrington, Sindhu Vasireddy, Hill Kulu
Background: Profound shifts in partnership and fertility in recent decades call for a re-examination of the linkages between partnership and fertility dynamics. Objective: This review systemizes the literature across Europe and the United States studying the intersection between partnership and fertility, providing a roadmap accessible across disciplines. We categorize the pathways through which partnerships
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Climate Change and Human Mobility: Considering Context, Mechanisms, and Selectivity Population and Development Review (IF 4.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Filiz Garip, Cody A. Reed
Climate change is projected to increase human mobility. Research links climate stressors, such as warming temperatures, severe weather events, and rising sea levels, to human migration within and between countries in many regions of the world. This paper reviews this new frontier for migration research and charts directions for future work. Understanding climate mobility, we argue, requires considering
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The demographic future of migration is African International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-24 Kathryn Foster, Matthew Hall
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From differences to relations: Towards diaspora‐forming processes International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-24 Patrycja Trzeszczyńska, Grzegorz Demel
Already before the full‐scale Russian aggression on Ukraine, Poland has been a country inhabited by autochthonous Ukrainians and has remained a popular destination for their co‐ethnic migrants from Ukraine. Many research on diasporic collectivities and their mutual relations identify various ‘diaspora segments’ or connections of ‘groups’ and ‘communities’ within the given diaspora. The focal point
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Individual Behaviors and Health Inequalities: Preterm Birth During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Mexico Population and Development Review (IF 4.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-23 Mónica L. Caudillo, Andrés Villarreal, Florencia Torche
We evaluate the consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic for preterm birth in Mexico using microdata that include all births from 2014 to 2022. The country's hybrid public/private healthcare system allows us to examine how women's adaptive behaviors to the health crisis shaped their birth outcomes. The proportion of women giving birth in private hospitals increased dramatically after the onset of the
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Resilient responses to the massive influx of forced migrants: A case study of medium‐sized cities in Poland International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-23 Marta Pachocka, Arkadiusz Lewandowski, Micha? Nowosielski, Joanna Zuzanna Pop?awska, Dominik Wach
The full‐scale aggression against Ukraine on 24 February 2022 caused an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. In Poland, most forced migrants settled in urban areas, turning cities into unique proving grounds for humanitarian assistance and testing their resilience capabilities. We explore this phenomenon using the case study of three medium‐sized cities with particular attention to the roles of and relationships
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Unmarried motherhood and infant health: The role of intimate partner violence in Colombia (by Stefania Molina) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-22 Stefania Molina
Background: Research has shown that growing family diversity, including motherhood among unmarried women, is associated with child well-being. However, little is known about whether and how intimate partner violence (IPV) shapes the relationship between family diversity and child outcomes. Colombia is an ideal case to study these relationships due to the country’s high prevalence of unmarried motherhood
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Placing Migration: Towards More‐Than‐Relational Geographical Migration Studies Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-22 Linn Axelsson, Charlotta Hedberg
This paper critically engages with the spatial assumptions that underpin migration studies, highlighting a shift from an absolute view of space to a relational spatial perspective, influenced by transnational and translocal migration studies. While the latter emphasises the interconnectedness of migrants across borders and the fleeting translocal links involved in the production of places, this paper
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Regional Economic Communities and Attitudes Toward Free Cross-Border Movement in Africa International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-22 Zack Zimbalist
Contrary to narratives in the media, most African migrants move across borders within the continent, and most often to other countries in their immediate region. Drawing on a sample of roughly 43,000 people from 36 African countries, this article uses multilevel models to investigate the factors influencing support for either free cross-border movement or government restrictions on immigration. In
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Digital Nomadism and the Emergence of Digital Nomad Visas: What Policy Objectives Do States Aim to Achieve? International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-22 Hari KC, Anna Triandafyllidou
Digital nomads who travel internationally while working remotely with digital technologies constitute a small but increasing migrant population that has attracted significant research attention lately. Since 2020, there is also a corresponding rise of “digital nomad” visas adopted by several countries around the world to cater for this type of global mobility and even to attract digital nomads. This
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Transnational mobility in Moldova: Exploring socio‐economic triggers for migration aspirations International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-22 Ludmila Bogdan
This study examines the relationship between socio‐economic factors and migration aspirations among Moldovans using a mixed‐methods approach. It combines quantitative analysis of demographic and economic variables with qualitative interviews to explore the factors that drive migration considerations. The findings show that economically disadvantaged individuals are less likely to migrate due to concerns
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The demography of sexual identity development and disclosure among LGB people in Europe (by Anna Caprinali, Agnese Vitali) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-21 Anna Caprinali, Agnese Vitali
Background: Despite a non-negligible share of youth in Europe identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer, we know little about the demography behind the development and disclosure of one’s sexual identity, particularly regarding their timing and their variation by LGBTQIA identity. This limited understanding hinders the use of sexual orientation as a predictor in social sciences. Objective: We
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Differences in Labour Mobility Between Immigrant Generations: Evidence From the European Debt Crisis Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-21 Marius Braun, Jarom G?rts
Immigrants' higher responsiveness to regional differences in labour market conditions has been recognised as a potentially important adjustment mechanism to labour market shocks. This paper investigates an aspect less explored by previous research, namely how labour mobility patterns are passed on across immigrant generations. Using Euro Area household‐level data, we compare mobility patterns of first‐
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Book Review: Noncitizen Power International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-21 Daniela Movileanu
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A Global Panel Dataset of Dyadic Dual Citizenship Acceptance International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Maarten Vink, Luuk van der Baaren, David Reichel
Dual citizenship provides access to secure legal status and rights in more than one country for an unprecedented number of migrants and their descendants worldwide. While this double allegiance requires matching legal regulations between two states, existing studies of dual citizenship typically focus on migrant origin or destination perspectives. To explore this phenomenon's dyadic nature, we introduce
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Between social integration, incorporation and exclusion: Perceptions of Eritrean forced migrants and Israeli professionals International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Lilach Lev Ari, Arie Herscovici
This research focuses on various social integration patterns, as perceived by both Eritrean asylum seekers and professionals from NGOs and the Tel Aviv municipality who assist them. The study explores various theoretical concepts such as social exclusion, adaptation, incorporation, and integration in the context of migrants' interaction with the host society. These concepts traditionally suggest a
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Social networks in migration and migrant incorporation: New developments and challenges International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Raffaele Vacca, Ba?ak Bilecen, Miranda J. Lubbers
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On the odyssey of the irregular Ghanaian migrant: Risk framing, mitigation and resilience strategies in an uncertain venture1 International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-18 Nene‐Lomotey Kuditchar
This paper qualitatively probed the risk framing, mitigation and resilience strategies of irregular migrants in a bid to unravel the paradox of how such actors, perceived to be poor and as such may lack ideational and financial agency, with no guarantees of success, can (persistently) operationalize and undertake costly, illegal and dangerous international journeys. Drawing on responses from Europe‐based
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Determinants of Enforced Return: A Quantitative Analysis of the Spectrum of (In)voluntariness Among Rejected Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Michael Sinnige, Laura Cleton, Arjen Leerkes
In recent decades, scholars documented the rise of enforced return in the Global North and scrutinised the vast infrastructure, international diplomacy and in‐country measures that set out to boost these. One such way is by promoting so‐called ‘Assisted Voluntary Returns’: programs in which rejected asylum seekers allegedly have ample opportunity to decide on and effectuate return themselves. This
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Migrant returnees as (anti‐)migration messengers? A case of street‐level representative bureaucracy in Senegal International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Katerina Glyniadaki, Nora Ratzmann, Julia Stier
International organizations and foreign‐funded NGOs run campaigns in Senegal to raise awareness of the perils of irregular migration. To increase their effectiveness, these organizations often enlist local migrant returnees to share their personal migration experiences and transmit an anti‐irregular migration message to their compatriots. This article examines whether policymakers' assumptions regarding
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On the match and motive matrix of the world development report 2023: The case of title 42 enforcement in the USA International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-17 Nancy H. Chau
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Charting New Courses to Adulthood in the Global South Population and Development Review (IF 4.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 Shelley Clark, Khandys Agnant
Growing up in an increasingly global world offers the youth of today unprecedented opportunities and novel challenges. This paper uses data from 47 countries to examine recent trends in how young men and women in the Global South navigate five key transitions to adulthood. Despite some similarities, we find little evidence of convergence across or within regions with respect to finishing school, becoming
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Good Jobs or Bad Jobs? Immigrant Workers in the Gig Economy International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 Cathy Yang Liu, Rory Renzy
New work arrangements enabled by online platforms, or gig work, saw substantive growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various estimates have suggested the wide participation of workers in the gig economy, with minority and immigrant workers well represented. The quality of work is a multi-dimensional concept that goes beyond earnings. One framework of good jobs and bad jobs centers on control over work
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Age at Migration and the Political Integration of Immigrants — Evidence From a Sibling Analysis International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 Henrik Andersson, Sirus Dehdari, Karl Oskar Lindgren
We study the effect of age at migration among immigrants in Sweden on political participation as adults. To identify the effect, we use validated individual turnout data over three elections in Sweden (1994, 2010, and 2018), and compare outcomes among siblings who arrive at the same time but at different ages. We document a clear effect on political participation from early arrival: immigrants arriving
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The World Bank's 2023 world development report: A missed opportunity to recognize that all migrants have rights International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 Ian M. Kysel
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Towards a functional place: Syrian refugees' contending with the European Union's host‐home schism International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 Samer Sharani, Meltem Muftuler‐Bac
The refugee crisis is rooted in the host‐home schism, a fundamental disconnection between the host (the EU) and home (refugees' country of origin). This schism is generated by the EU's migratory policies resulting from the struggles between different political camps, and the resulting compromise between the far‐right/exclusive camp and the liberal camp. To assess this schism, we have conducted an in‐depth
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Resettled Iraqi refugees in the United States: War, refuge, belonging, participation and protest By JaredKeyel, Oxford: Berghahn Books. 2023. pp. 185 International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-14 Zainab Saleh
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Urban food insecurity and its determinants among migrant households International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-14 Adrino Mazenda, Catherine Althaus, Massimiliano Tani
This study utilized the Linear Probability Model to examine the determinants of food insecurity among migrant households in the Gauteng City region of South Africa. 13,616 households were selected using random sampling and a cross‐section design. The study findings showed that age and level of education reduce the probability of skipping a meal among internal and international migrant households. Having
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A new index for climate‐induced migration uncertainty International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-14 Sulaiman Salisu, Afees Salisu
The impact of climate change on the world has been significant, leading to various efforts to reduce its risks. This study aims to create a new index to measure the uncertainty surrounding migration due to climate change. It uses a range of international newspapers with a global readership. Although climate change has increasingly influenced migration decisions in vulnerable areas, there is still a
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Afterword: Migration's longue Durée International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-14 Eric Tagliacozzo
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Book Review: Fragments of Home International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Romola Sanyal
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The 2016 United States Election and Financial Support to Migrant-Serving Legal-Aid Organizations International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Juan Pedroza, Stephanie Potochnick, Robert Santillano
The 2016 US election of Donald Trump ushered in a wave of anti-immigrant rhetoric and federal policies that have been shown to harm immigrant families. This study examines how the election affected immigrant-serving community-based organizations (CBOs), which provide vital support to these communities and may mitigate harm. Focusing on migrant-legal CBOs — a key subset that offers pro-bono or low-cost
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Letter from the Editors International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-11 Ahmet ??duygu, Jan Rath, Deniz Sert, Ay?en ?stübici
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Jointly estimating subnational mortality for multiple populations (by Ameer Dharamshi, Monica Alexander, Celeste Winant, Magali Barbieri) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-10 Ameer Dharamshi, Monica Alexander, Celeste Winant, Magali Barbieri
Background: Understanding patterns in mortality across subpopulations is essential for local health policy decision-making. One of the key challenges of subnational mortality rate estimation is the presence of small populations and zero or near zero death counts. When studying differences between subpopulations, this challenge is compounded as the small populations are further divided along socioeconomic
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Studying individuals in same-sex couples using longitudinal administrative data from Canadian tax records: Opportunities and challenges (by Chih-lan Winnie Yang, Nicole Denier, Xavier St-Denis, Sean Waite) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-09 Chih-lan Winnie Yang, Nicole Denier, Xavier St-Denis, Sean Waite
Background: Quantitative research on the social, demographic, and economic outcomes of sexual minorities has long been hampered by data shortfalls, with most surveys and censuses limited by sample sizes and/or a lack of direct questions on sexual identity. The growing availability of administrative data presents an opportunity to fill some of these gaps. Objective: This article highlights the challenges
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Issue Information Population, Space and Place (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-09
No abstract is available for this article.
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Digital Nomads in Conversation: Reddit-based Analysis and the Future of Nomadic versus Migrant Career Journeys International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-09 Jelena Zikic, Ivan Zupic, Matej ?erne
We examine digital nomadism through the lens of the Intelligent Careers framework and compare this emerging career form with more traditional migrant careers. We show how digital nomads navigate their career paths by leveraging online platforms for casual storytelling and knowledge sharing. Our analysis uses probabilistic topic modeling to analyze 66,601 Reddit posts from the DigitalNomad subreddit
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Exploring Adolescents’ Contraceptive Preferences and Trade‐Offs: Findings From a Discrete Choice Experiment in Kenya Studies in Family Planning (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2025-01-09 Elizabeth K. Harrington, Dismas Congo Ouma, Mindy Pike, Merceline Awuor, Syovata Kimanthi, Maricianah Onono, Ruanne V. Barnabas, Nelly Mugo, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, Brett Hauber
A focus on contraceptive preferences is essential to the provision of person‐centered care. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in the WHO African Region experience disparities in contraceptive access and use and reproductive health outcomes. Despite increasing recognition of AGYW needs as unique, their preferences are understudied, limiting strategies to improve contraceptive care access and quality
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National identifications of transnational students from the USA on the northwest border of Mexico International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-09 Eunice D. Vargas Valle
Over the past two decades, more than half a million children—mostly born and educated in the USA—have arrived in Mexico from the USA because of their parents' return migration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between their national identification, school trajectories and US nationality in a border city with high return migration. The methodology is based on the analysis of a school
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Arrival infrastructures and refugee enrolment in higher education International Migration (IF 1.6) Pub Date : 2025-01-09 Ids Baalbergen, Gideon Bolt, Yanliu Lin, Pieter Hooimeijer
Refugees enrolling in host country higher education can improve their position in the labour market. However, little is known about the patterns underlying enrolment, and existing studies have only examined explanations at the individual level. This is problematic because opportunities to enrol in education are also dependent upon structural factors, and by ignoring this, studies run the risk of depicting
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A comprehensive database of estimates and forecasts of Spanish sex–age death rates by climate area, income level, and habitat size (2010–2050) (by Celia Sifre-Armengol, Jose M. Pavía, Josep Lledó Benito) Demographic Research (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2025-01-03 Celia Sifre-Armengol, Jose M. Pavía, Josep Lledó Benito
Background: Analysing mortality is relevant for decision-making. Life tables have traditionally been based on age and sex, assuming homogeneous mortality rates within these groups. This omits other factors that could affect mortality risks. Advances in information technology and improved access to official microdata now enable the construction of life tables that incorporate additional variables, offering
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Community Connections: Understanding Local Dynamics in Italian Asylum Policy Implementation International Migration Review (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2025-01-03 Claudia Peroni
Italy hosts significant numbers of forced migrants throughout its territory. The implementation of asylum policy thus occurs in diverse and sometimes fraught contexts, presenting different resources and obstacles. This paper examines how local context shapes the experiences and practices of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) implementing policy in the Italian statutory asylum system. Semi-structured interviews